OUR GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE

Europe (U.K., Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, NORDIC, Rest of Europe)

Europe has acquired the most prominent position globally owing to a rich mosaic of economic systems and policies. The recent projections showcase that the combined nominal GDP of Europe’s economies are expected to reach about USD 31.4 trillion in 2026, reflecting sustained economic expansion in current price terms when compared with 2024 levels. The major regional economies such as Germany, the U.K., France, and Italy continue to play leading roles in global trade, manufacturing, and services.

UK

UK is home to one of the world’s largest and most advanced technology sectors, supported by diverse industries, high-skilled labour, and well-developed infrastructure.  The country’s economy grew modestly, with the GDP increasing 0.1% in the third quarter of 2025, 1.3% higher than the same quarter last year, whereas the 2024 GDP rose 1.1%. This growth was mainly driven by services and construction, though the production sector fell 0.3%. Household disposable income per head reduced 0.8%, and the household saving ratio fell to 9.5%, thereby reflecting tighter finances. Overall, the UK economy is expanding slowly, supported by services, but is also facing pressures on households’ income and savings. Meanwhile, the country’s skilled workforce, global financial centre in London, and industrial base, such as technology, professional services, and creative industries, are key factors fueling its economic strength.

Services Sector

• This is one of the largest contributors to GDP in the country, wherein the financial services, professional services, and scientific and technical activities sector was the largest driver of services growth. Output in this sector rose by 1.7% in June 2025, with sub-industries such as computer programming, consulting, and related activities increasing 4.1% in the second quarter of 2025. This reflects strong demand for high-value professional services, including legal, consulting, and IT services, particularly in major cities. These industries continue to contribute to growth in the broader services sector, which contributes around 80% of the U.K.’s GDP.
• In addition, there has been significant progress information and communication sector, which rose 2.0% in the second quarter of 2025, and in human health and social work activities, which increased 1.1%. Sub-sectors such as IT services, telecommunications, and healthcare services contributed strongly to quarterly services output. These sectors support economic resilience by providing essential services and fostering continued innovation, by sustaining employment and productivity across the UK, particularly in urban economic hubs.

Construction

• The sector of construction also showcases notable growth, particularly in terms of residential, commercial, and infrastructure projects, contributing positively to the UK’s economic development. In 2023, the value of new construction work in Great Britain surpassed £139,029 million (USD 173,786 million), rising by 4.2% when compared to the previous year. Growth was driven by both private sector work, i.e., £2,050 million (USD 2,563 million), and public sector work, being £3,578 million (USD 4,473 million). Key contributors included private commercial, private infrastructure, and public other, whereas the private housing fell by 8.4% around £4,224 million (USD 5,280 million).
• On the industry structure and employment aspect during 2023, there were 364,514 VAT and PAYE registered construction firms, which reduced by 2.6% from 2022, with the largest decrease in England. During the same time, construction employment excluding self-employment increased 0.2% to 1.4 million workers. The Output Price Index grew 2.6%, which reflects rising construction costs. Despite falling new orders -16% to £67,885 million (USD 84,856 million), public housing grew, indicating selective sector strength and continued economic contribution over the recent years.

Technology and Digital Economy

• Rapid expansion in software, fintech, artificial intelligence, and e-commerce supports innovation and productivity gains across the economy. The country’s AI sector grew rapidly between 2023 and 2024, and reached 5,862 companies (+58%), with revenue being £23.9 billion (USD 29.9 billion, +68%) and GVA of £11.8 billion (USD 14.8 billion, +103%). Simultaneously, the employment rose to 86,139 (+33%), attributed to the diversified AI firms. Growth was mainly concentrated in London, the South East, and the East of England, though regional clusters expanded. There have been encouraging opportunities arising from generative AI adoption, sector-specific applications, and government support through the AI Opportunities Action Plan.
• In addition, UK Digital Economy has generated £286.3 billion (USD 357.9 billion) in GVA, employing 2.93 million workers with output per employee of £97,600 (USD 122,000) in 2024. Tier 1 firms, i.e., the dedicated firms, contributed £135.1 billion (USD 168.9 billion) GVA, Tier 2 (diversified) £151.2 billion (USD 189.0 billion). The sector also includes 311,800 enterprises, mostly small, highly productive, and concentrated in professional occupations. The funding totaled £4.14 billion (USD 5.2 billion) on a yearly basis from VC and UKRI, reflecting strong innovation, technological intensity, and economic impact across software, AI, fintech, and digital services.

Green and Renewable Industries

• The continuously rising investments in terms of renewable energy, low-carbon technologies, and sustainability-focused infrastructure are growing and expected to be a major driver in the coming decade.  In the third quarter of 2025, total UK energy production fell 2.5% year-on-year to 21.2 Mtoe, which marks the lowest quarterly total this century, driven by low nuclear output during maintenance and refueling. Oil and gas production rose, but it is well below pre-pandemic levels. Total primary energy consumption declined by 3.6%, with industrial and domestic demand falling, partially offset by small rises in services.
• Meanwhile, the renewable electricity generation rose 7% year-on-year owing to strong wind and solar output, but the low-carbon share of total energy fell to 23.6% (down 0.7 pp) due to the reduced nuclear generation. Fossil fuel dependency increased to 72.6%. Overall, while renewables continue to grow, fluctuations in nuclear output highlight volatility in low-carbon energy contributions, in turn demonstrating the ongoing importance of investments in stable renewable and low-carbon infrastructure.

Germany

Germany is identified as Europe’s largest economy and the fourth largest in the world, which is recognized for its advanced industrial base, highly skilled workforce, and technological expertise. The country has consistently maintained strong economic output, and is characterized by a dynamic mix of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which form the backbone of innovation and employment, along with the globally influential multinational corporations that drive exports, manufacturing, along with high-value industries. Over the recent years, the country has focused on transitioning to renewable energy and digital technologies, strengthening sustainability and innovation. Investments in AI, green infrastructure, and advanced manufacturing are expected to support steady economic growth.

Automotive

• Germany is the frontrunner in car manufacturing, especially in premium brands such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen.  In this context, the country exported 3.4 million new passenger cars, which were valued at €135 billion (USD 146 billion) in 2024, marking a 2.5% increase in volume from 2023. The U.S. was the largest importer, taking 13.1% of exported vehicles, followed by the U.K. with 11.3% and France being 7.4%. Notably, 25.9% of exports were all-electric cars, which underscores the country’s shift toward sustainable mobility.
• In addition to the import aspect, Germany also imported 1.8 million new cars in the same year, underscoring the country’s integrated automotive trade network. The proper balance between exports and imports highlights the country’s role as an international automotive hub. The export of premium, high-quality vehicles, including electric models, contributes to both industrial revenue and employment, thereby sustaining Germany’s advantage in terms of car manufacturing by also supporting innovation in battery technology, emissions reduction, and digital automotive solutions.

Mechanical Engineering

• Germany excels in industrial machinery, robotics, and high-tech manufacturing solutions and is synonymous with precision, reliability, and efficiency. This country is Europe’s largest industrial robot market and among the global top five. In 2023, robot installations in Germany rose 7% to 28,355 units, which were helping clear backlogs from delayed projects. Europe’s total installations grew 9% to 92,393 units, and Europe accounted for 80% (73,534 units) and the Euro Area 67% (62,009 units).
• This growth was extensively supported by nearshoring trends and smaller markets. In addition, the strong adoption of robotics highlights Germany’s continued leadership in automation and high-tech manufacturing, efficiently driving efficiency, precision, and global competitiveness in industrial production. The trend also paves the way for resilience in the sector despite the presence of slower growth in a few neighboring markets.

Chemical & Pharmaceutical

• Germany hosts major companies such as BASF and Bayer, which are leading in regional sales and research. It is a hub for chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and biotech innovations. In 2024, EU exports of chemicals and other associated products amounted to a total of €560 billion (USD 616 billion), which marks a 7% increase from 2023. Simultaneously, the country was the largest exporter, which has made exports of €134 billion (USD 147 billion) worth of chemicals to the U.S., Switzerland, the UK, China, and Japan.
• At the same time, Germany was the largest importer from outside the region that has importing €56 billion (USD 62 billion) in imports, supporting its domestic chemical and pharmaceutical production. Hence, this highlights the country’s status as a prominent hub for chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and biotech, combining strong exports with significant domestic demand.

Electrical & Electronics

• Germany has a strong international presence in this sector and is mainly focused on industrial automation, energy technology, and advanced electronics solutions. The country’s electrical and electronics industry generated around €220.1 billion (USD 242 billion) in 2024, accounting for 10% of total industrial output. It also employed 879,000 people domestically and 855,000 internationally by having a strong R&D workforce of 93,000, investing €14.2 billion (USD 15.6 billion) internally in 2023. The sector produces mainly industrial goods of 81% such as automation, energy technology, and medical engineering, along with intermediate goods and consumer electronics, efficiently driving innovation with 13,300 patent applications on a yearly basis.

Annual Turnover Growth in German Industrial Sector (€ Billion)

Source: ZVEI Fact Sheet

• In addition, Germany maintains a strong position in electrical engineering and industrial machinery by exporting electrical machines and apparatus worth USD 4.17 billion worldwide in 2023. The country’s key markets are China, the U.S., Italy, France, and the Netherlands, reflecting heightened international demand for technology. These exports also demonstrate Germany’s focus on advanced industrial solutions, automation, and energy technology. Further, its innovative product portfolio continues to strengthen its reputation for precision and high-tech engineering.

France

France is solidifying its position in Europe with constantly rising exports, particularly in aerospace, and resilient manufacturing activity. Key current drivers are industrial areas such as aeronautics, advanced manufacturing, technology, digital services, and healthcare and life sciences innovation. The tourism and luxury goods sectors continue to contribute, whereas the corporate investment commitments demonstrate ongoing business confidence.  The country’s GDP reached USD 3.16 trillion in 2024, reflecting steady growth and maintaining its position as one of the world’s largest economies.

Aerospace

• France is the home to Airbus and a top exporter of aircraft and aerospace technology. Team France Aerospace was launched in January 2025, and the sector unites all French businesses involved in aerospace, from aircraft, helicopters, drones, satellites, space launchers, and associated software, for both civil and military applications. It has generated more than €70.2 billion in revenue in 2023, with 83% from exports, whereas the sector includes over 1,000 companies and 210,000 employees. It is led by Business France, and it aims to strengthen international strategy, export coordination, and sector-wide promotion to maintain the country’s leadership in international aerospace.
• The initiative brings together innovation clusters such as Aerospace Valley, ASTech Paris Région, Pôle Safe, GIFAS, CNES, and NewSpace France Alliance to coordinate export strategies and sector development. Ten priority countries and eleven challenger markets have been identified, with major events such as Aero India, MRO Middle East, and the Paris Air Show forming a multi-year international agenda to promote French aerospace technology, low-carbon aviation, and space innovation across the nations, thereby enhancing competitiveness and export performance.

Luxury goods and fashion

• France is best known for brands such as Louis Vuitton, Chanel, and Hermès, which dominate globally. In 2022, the sector generated €154 billion (USD 169 billion) in turnover and supported 615,000 direct and indirect jobs, according to the French Ministry of Economic Affairs. Iconic brands such as Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Hermès, and Dior drive international influence, whereas the Paris Fashion Weeks and haute-couture events reinforce the country’s cultural and economic leadership in global fashion.
• France’s perfume and cosmetics industry is yet another asset for the region, and it has 6,300 businesses, 226,000 employees, €71 billion (USD 78 billion) turnover, and €23.4 billion (USD 26 billion) in exports (Cosmetic Valley). Key hubs are Grasse, Lyon, Bordeaux, Orléans, and Tours, thereby supporting production, R&D, and marketing. Iconic brands such as Guerlain, Lancôme, L’Oréal, and Caudalie combine artisanal savoir-faire with strong government-supported initiatives preserving craftsmanship, promoting sustainability contributing to the nation’s economic progression.

Tourism

• France consistently ranks as the world’s most visited country. It is the world’s top tourist destination, welcoming more than 100 million international visitors in 2024. The country ranks 4th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index for infrastructure, natural and cultural resources, and tourism policy. The country also leads in terms of culinary prestige, hosting the highest number of Michelin-starred restaurants globally, and its luxury hotels, including 31 Palaces of France in 2024, exemplify excellence in hospitality.
• In addition, the country excels in terms of business tourism, ranking 6 amongst all nations for MICE destinations and 1 in Europe for exhibitions. It boasts 53 UNESCO World Heritage sites, ranks top for sustainability certifications, and is 12th in the Global Innovation Index 2024. Further, France’s transport network, including Europe’s second-largest high-speed rail and top air connectivity via CDG airport, underscores its status as a leading international hub in this sector.

Spain

Spain is considered to be one of the strongest and most influential economies in the eurozone and is a developed country which has a very high-income economy. Spain is projected to grow by 2.0% in 2026, reflecting continued resilience. The country’s nominal GDP is forecasted to surpass around USD 2.04 trillion in 2026, whereas the GDP per capita is expected to rise to about USD 40,580, underscoring its status as a high-income economy. In addition to the purchasing power parity terms, Spain’s GDP is estimated at USD 2.94 trillion, highlighting its strong domestic purchasing power and reinforcing its position as one of the largest nations in this region. The country’s economic growth is mainly contributed to by strong domestic demand, services, tourism, and continued investments.

Services & Tourism

• The services sector dominates Spain’s economy, effectively attributable to tourism as a cornerstone. The country’s travel and tourism sector was anticipated to cross €260.5 billion (USD 281 billion) in GDP contribution by 2025, representing almost 16% of the national economy, with annual growth of 4.7%. In 2024, the sector delivered its strongest performance by contributing around €248.7 billion (USD 269 billion) or 15.6% of GDP. Meanwhile, the international tourism spending rose nearly 11% year-on-year, highlighting tourism’s central role in economic growth.
• By 2025, tourism was expected to support 3.2 million jobs, which marks 14.4% of total employment, with international visitor spending reaching €113.2 billion (USD 122 billion) and domestic spending being €84.9 billion (USD 92 billion). In addition, the aspect of leisure travel accounts for over 88% of expenditure, whereas the forecasts suggest that by 2035, tourism could contribute €315.7 billion (USD 341 billion) to GDP and support 4 million jobs, solidifying the country’s position as a predominant tourism leader.

Agriculture & Agri-Food

• Spain has registered its position as a leading nation in olive oil, wine, citrus, and fruit production, and it is among the largest exporters of high-quality food products in Europe, by having a strong agrifood processing industry. In 2023, Spain’s agri-food and fisheries sector achieved a substantial €70.43 billion (USD 76 billion) in exports, marking a 3% increase when compared to 2022. The sector accounted for almost 18.4% of total Spain-based foreign sales and generated a trade surplus of €15.47 billion (USD 16.7 billion), reflecting its strength as a driver of the national economy. Major growth was witnessed in vegetables and pulses, which rose nearly 10% year-on-year.
• In addition, the leading export categories were reported to be meat, being €10.3 billion (USD 11.1 billion), fruit €9.98 billion (USD 10.8 billion), and vegetables €8.86 billion (USD 9.6 billion), demonstrating both scale and diversity. Of all the total exports, 67.4% went to Europe, whereas the remaining 32.6% reached third countries, showing strong regional integration. In terms of imports, they rose by around slightly to €54.96 billion (USD 59.4 billion), thereby highlighting Spain’s balance of trade in the agri-food sector and its continuing competitiveness on the international landscape.

Evolution of Olive Oil Export Volumes by Campaign (2020/21 - 2024/25)

Source: Ministerio De Agricultura, Pesca Y Alimentación

Russia

Russia will be the largest economy in the world in terms of land area and having a vast territory spanning Eastern Europe and northern Asia that supports abundant natural resources. Its economy continues to be efficiently fueled by energy and commodities, particularly oil, natural gas, coal, and minerals, which are central to government revenue and export earnings.  Russia’s GDP reached approximately USD 2.17 trillion in 2024, which marks a up from about USD 1.71 trillion in 2021, reflecting both higher energy prices and broader economic activity. Meanwhile, the energy exports still shape economic performance, and the economy also includes manufacturing, agriculture, and services, even though it faces structural challenges as diversification, investment constraints, and geopolitical pressures.

Energy & Natural Resources

• Russia has the world's largest natural gas reserves, considerable coal and oil reserves, and is a major producer & exporter of these commodities, making it a critical energy supplier. The country’s oil reserves stand at 31.3 billion tons, representing 15% of global oil reserves and ranking third on an international basis. These reserves are sufficient to sustain production for over 65 years at current levels. Russia is also the world’s second-largest oil producer, accounting for almost 10% of the world's output as of 2025 data. The strategy deliberately emphasizes expanding oil processing and infrastructure to ensure domestic supply and redirecting exports to new markets.
• In addition, the country holds the largest natural gas reserves globally, totaling 63.4 trillion cubic meters, which is enough to last approximately 100 years at current production rates. It ranks second in gas production, contributing 16% of the world’s total output. Simultaneously, the updated strategy is focused mainly on accelerating gas network development, enhancing Arctic and Far Eastern export capacities, and integrating major gas transportation systems to optimize supply. These measures aim to strengthen Russia’s energy security and its role as a global energy supplier.

Defense & Aerospace

• Russia is a top global exporter of military hardware, having strong capabilities in defense, aircraft building, and advanced nuclear technology. As of May 2025, Rosoboronexport, Russia’s state-controlled defense export agency, has signed more than 20 major contracts worth approximately USD 7 billion, supplying military equipment to more than 15 countries. Over 50% of the order book is for Air Force equipment, whereas the remaining covers all branches of the armed forces. The total export order portfolio has surpassed USD 60 billion, which marks a record in the 25-year history and demonstrates strong global demand for Russia-originated defense products.
• The agency has been preparing for MILEX 2025, which is an international defense exhibition in Minsk, Belarus, where it will showcase modern weapons and military systems. Despite the presence of continued geopolitical tensions, demand for the country’s military technology continues to rise over the upcoming years. In addition, the contracts and exhibitions highlight Russia’s state-led role as a top global exporter of military hardware, underscoring its capabilities in advanced defense systems, aircraft, and other strategic technologies that are highly essential for global security markets.

Rest of Europe

Countries in the rest of Europe, including Italy, the Nordic countries, Ukraine, Poland, Romania, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Greece, have witnessed diverse economic momentum over recent years, influenced by structural reforms, investment, and constantly shifting global demand. Ukraine’s economy has demonstrated strong resilience with improved export performance in agriculture and IT services, attracting both public & private entities to make investments tied to reconstruction and trade integration. Poland benefits from its vast domestic market, manufacturing base, and skilled workforce, which support steady growth. The expansion of Romania has been backed by progress in the manufacturing and IT sectors, drawing foreign investment into tech and industrial clusters. The Netherlands remains a critical nation in terms of international trade and finances since it has well-established logistics and port infrastructure, particularly through Rotterdam. Italy has a strong automotive sector, Nordic leading in terms of high income, Belgium’s services-oriented economy, and Greece's progress in strengthening its public finances contribute to improved growth prospects across the region.

Italy

Italy is one of the major economies in the region, ranking among the largest in the Eurozone. Its economy is diversified, with strong sectors in manufacturing, automotive, fashion, machinery, and food processing. Italy also leads in terms of luxury goods, design, and tourism, boasting cities such as Rome, Milan, and Venice, driving visitor revenues. The country’s economy is projected to reach a GDP of USD 2.7 trillion in 2026 with a per capita GDP of USD 45,880, and a purchasing power parity GDP of USD 3.82 trillion, reflecting moderate growth of 0.8% in this year.

• Top of Form
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• Manufacturing and Industry: In recent years, Italy has witnessed a notable surge in the industrial sector, particularly in automotive, machinery, fashion, and luxury goods, contributing significantly to exports and employment. This country has the highest number of manufacturing companies in the region, which is 352,446, and ranks second in the EU for manufacturing production value, i.e., €1,249 billion (USD 1.36 trillion), highlighting the scale of its industrial sector.
• Tourism Sector: Tourism remains a critical driver for the country to generate substantial revenue, whereas constant efforts to modernize infrastructure and enhance sustainable tourism have helped Italy recover post-pandemic. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Italy’s tourism grew with 458.4 million visitors, which is up by 2.5% from 2023, marking a record year. Foreign tourist presence surged 15.6%, placing Italy second in the region.
• Innovation and Technology: Italy is making continued investments in digitalization, research, and renewable energy technologies, for which the government incentives are proactively supporting startups and innovation hubs, fostering ample revenues in high-tech and manufacturing sectors by also creating jobs and boosting exports.

Nordic 

The Nordic hosts the high-income countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland, which boast strong social welfare systems and advanced technology sectors. Sweden and Finland lead in terms of ICT and heavy industry, Norway and Denmark are considered to be the major energy exporters, particularly oil, gas, and renewables, whereas Iceland specializes in geothermal energy and fisheries. The region consistently ranks high in the aspects of innovation, sustainability. The region’s weight is mainly represented through its significant role in global trade, green technology, and research-intensive industries.

• Industry and Manufacturing: This is the central pillar facilitating continued revenue growth for Nordic countries. Heavy industry, machinery, automotive, and high-tech manufacturing is strong, especially in Sweden and Finland, contributing significantly to exports. In 2024, the Nordic countries had a combined export value of €540 billion (USD 588.6 billion) and imports of €464 billion (USD 505.8 billion), in which Sweden was leading in both exports 33% and imports, 38%, followed by Denmark and Norway.

Source:Nordic Statistics Database

• Energy and Natural Resources: Norway and Denmark have registered their positions as the major producers and exporters of oil, natural gas, and renewable energy, whereas Iceland specializes in geothermal energy and fisheries. Denmark aims for net zero by the conclusion of 2045, with wind, bioenergy, and solar making up over 80% of electricity generation and fossil fuels like coal and oil reduced to 3% and 36% of total energy supply, respectively, in 2024. The country’s government prioritizes CCUS, hydrogen, and 100% biomethane in heating by 2030, supported by climate governance under the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy, and Utilities.
• Services and Technology: The NORDIC countries are best known for their commitment to sustainability and renewable energy, which is a major driving factor for economic growth and GDP in the region. They have also advanced financial services, ICT, and innovation-driven sectors, with digitalization, software, and research-intensive industries driving consistent revenue.

Ukraine

Ukraine is yet another prominent country in the region that has a strong foothold in the agricultural and industrial sectors. It is a topmost exporter of grain, sunflower oil, and metals. The ongoing conflict with Russia has severely impacted infrastructure and production, whereas the international support and reconstruction programs aim to stabilize the economy.

• Foreign Investment: Ukraine has witnessed renewed interest from foreign investors, particularly in terms of green energy, IT, and advanced manufacturing sectors. The country’s FDI flows rebounded to USD 4.2 billion in 2023, with a total stock amounting to USD 54.2 billion, mainly in manufacturing, trade, finance, mining, and ICT sectors.
• Agricultural Sector: Ukraine is the agricultural powerhouse, particularly in terms of grain exports. Recent government reforms are focused mainly on sustainable farming techniques and infrastructure upgrades, which have increased productivity and export volumes.
• Technology Industry: The tech sector in Ukraine continues its rapid growth trajectory, efficiently backed by an emerging startup ecosystem and a highly skilled workforce. In addition, the public grants have accelerated R&D activities and attracted global partnerships, positioning Ukraine as a rising hub for software development and IT services.

Poland

Poland is the largest economy in Central Europe and is identified as a growing member of the European Union. Its economy is attributable to the manufacturing, services, IT, and energy sectors. Poland is a major producer of coal and makes continued investments in renewable energy and infrastructure. The country has a strong industrial base and benefits from EU funding and foreign direct investment.

• The country leads the region in mobile and online banking transactions, owing to the widespread adoption of the BLIK payment system.
• Poland is also recognized as one of the most prominent producers of military equipment, with its government continuing to highlight this strength.
• The economy also ranks in terms of innovation and creative outputs, which has a booming IT sector and high revenues for IT services in Central & Eastern Europe.

Romania

Romania is a developing European economy with strengths in IT services, automotive, agriculture, and energy. The country also benefits from significant natural gas and oil reserves and a growing manufacturing and software sector. Romania boasts EU membership that has helped it to attract investment in infrastructure, technology, and industrial modernization. The country is integrated into Europe's supply chains, and its strategic location on the Black Sea provides access to international trade routes.

• Romania is a major hub for information technology that is efficiently progressing through tech investment, outsourcing, and development, with highly skilled professionals and rapid growth.
• The country also represented strong growth in the automotive industry since it is a net exporter of vehicles and automotive parts in the international landscape.

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a highly developed and trade-oriented economy that has strengths in logistics, agriculture, high-tech manufacturing, and services. Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port, which makes the city a key hub for trade activities in the region. In addition, the Netherlands is also known for innovation, water management expertise, and a strong financial services sector.

• The Netherlands is the frontrunner in the agrifood & horticulture sector, which is the World’s second-largest exporter of agricultural products, excelling in terms of innovation, food processing, and high-tech greenhouse farming.
• The country’s Logistics & Trade part is yet another asset facilitating revenue growth owing to the presence of the largest port, which is a major global hub for supply chain and distribution.
• The economy leads in offshore wind, biomass, and renewable energy technology, with significant investments being made in green energy.

Belgium

Belgium is a notably small but economically significant EU member, with economic growth spanning around chemicals, machinery, services, and international trade. Brussels, the capital, hosts the EU and NATO headquarters efficiently, boosting the country’s strategic and political importance. Belgium’s ports, particularly Antwerp, are among Europe’s busiest, supporting global logistics and trade. The country is also best known for pharmaceuticals, high-value manufacturing, and a robust financial services sector.

• Belgium leverages the main industrial sector and top export, hosting Europe’s largest integrated chemical cluster at the Port of Antwerp-Bruges and leading in clinical trials, new medicine development, and biomanufacturing.
• The country also benefits from logistics and trade activities due to its central location, supported by dense road, rail, and inland waterway networks.
• Belgium has one of the leading diamond industries since Antwerp serves as the global center for diamond trading, handling the import, processing, and export of rough diamonds across the globe.

Greece

Greece has a service-oriented economy mainly propelled by tourism, shipping, and agriculture as its central pillars. The country benefits from maritime transport, hosting one of the world’s largest merchant fleets. Tourism contributes significantly to the nation's GDP, wherein millions visiting historical sites and islands every year. Greece also produces olives, olive oil, and wine. In addition, renewable energy and infrastructure development are also significant for sustainable growth in the country.

• Shipping is the cornerstone of the Greek economy, which is contributing significantly to GDP, with Greece boasting the largest merchant fleet globally.
• Tourism is also identified as the primary driver of foreign exchange since Greece is a top global destination, attracting tourists across the world.
• Greece benefits from the agriculture & food sector since it plays a strong role in exporting products such as olives, olive oil, fruits, vegetables, and dairy.